Abstract Massively parallel sequencing, also referred to as next-generation sequencing, has positively changed DNA analysis, allowing further advances in genetics. Its capability of dealing with low quantity/damaged samples makes it an interesting instrument for forensics. The main advantage of MPS is the possibility of analyzing simultaneously thousands of genetic markers, generating high-resolution data. Its detailed sequence information allowed the discovery of variations in core forensic short tandem repeat loci, as well as the identification of previous unknown polymorphisms. Furthermore, different types of markers can be sequenced in a single run, enabling the emergence of DIP-STRs, SNP-STR haplotypes, and microhaplotypes, which can be very useful in mixture deconvolution cases. In addition, the multiplex analysis of different single nucleotide polymorphisms can provide valuable information about identity, biogeographic ancestry, paternity, or phenotype. DNA methylation patterns, mitochondrial DNA, mRNA, and microRNA profiling can also be analyzed for different purposes, such as age inference, maternal lineage analysis, body-fluid identification, and monozygotic twin discrimination. MPS technology also empowers the study of metagenomics, which analyzes genetic material from a microbial community to obtain information about individual identification, post-mortem interval estimation, geolocation inference, and substrate analysis. This review aims to discuss the main applications of MPS in forensic genetics.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estabilidade das marcas de mordida em alimentos em diferentes condições de tempo e temperatura e sua confiabilidade como evidência em investigações criminais. A amostragem foi composta por 20 indivíduos, que foram instruídos a morder cinco pedaços de queijo e cinco pedaços de chocolate. As mordidas foram produzidas pelos dentes anteriores, de canino a canino, e os sujeitos da pesquisa tiveram seus arcos dentais moldados para obter modelos que foram usados para posterior comparação. As amostras produzidas por cada participante foram armazenadas e analisadas de acordo com a temperatura (ambiente e geladeira) e período de tempo (imediatamente, após três dias e sete dias). Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o modelo linear com efeitos mistos, utilizando R Core Team e SAS Statistical Software. Os resultados deste estudo revelam que a temperatura de armazenamento desses materiais não exerce influência significativa. Tanto o chocolate quanto o queijo apresentaram melhores resultados quando as mensurações foram feitas logo após, porém o chocolate mostrou-se mais estável em períodos mais longos. Por meio deste estudo, foi possível demonstrar que a temperatura de armazenamento não exerce influência significativa. Entretanto, as marcas de mordida encontradas em alimentos com maior estabilidade dimensional e intervalos de tempo curtos são mais confiáveis e permitem seu uso como evidência em investigações criminais. Ainda assim, devido às limitações apresentadas, recomendamos seu uso para a exclusão de possíveis suspeitos e não para a individualização dos mesmos.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of bite marks in foods in different conditions of time and temperature and their reliability as evidenced in criminal investigations. Sampling came from 20 subjects, who were instructed to bite five pieces of cheese and five pieces of chocolate. Bites were produced by the anterior teeth, from canine to canine, and the volunteers had their dental arches molded to obtain plaster models that were used for later comparison. The samples produced by each participant were stored and analyzed according to the temperature (room and refrigerator) and time period (immediately after, three days, seven days). The linear model with mixed effects using R Core Team and SAS Statistical Software were used for the statistical analysis. The results of this study reveal that the storage temperature of these materials does not exert a significant influence. Both chocolate and cheese showed better results when measurements were made shortly after, however the chocolate showed to be more stable in longer periods of time. By means of this study, it was possible to demonstrate that the storage temperature does not exert a significant influence. However, the bite marks found in foods with greater dimensional stability and short time intervals, are more reliable and allow their use as evidence in criminal investigations. Still, due to the limitations presented, we recommend its use for the exclusion of possible suspects and not for the suspects identification.

RESUMO Analisar, comparar e discutir os artigos relacionados ao tópico sobre propaganda e publicidade nas legislações vigentes e emanadas das classes odontológica e médica, a partir da consulta a essas legislações. Na Odontologia, este assunto é regido pelo Código de Ética Odontológica, no Capítulo XVI, “Do anúncio, da propaganda e da publicidade”. Na Medicina, encontram-se informações em duas legislações sobre o tema, em diversos capítulos do Código de Ética Médica e na Resolução nº 1.974/2011 do Conselho Federal de Medicina, que estabelece os critérios norteadores da propaganda médica. As três legislações apresentam artigos que dizem respeito à participação em meios de comunicação em massa, informações mínimas presentes em anúncios, utilização de sensacionalismo e autopromoção e anúncio de especialidades e títulos não comprovados, destacando a importância desses tópicos. A legislação médica traz, também, da participação em anúncios de empresas comerciais relacionadas à sua profissão e sobre uma comissão exclusiva para tratar de assuntos de divulgação, tópicos desconsiderados na legislação odontológica.

ABSTRACT In health care professional activities, advertising is an issue that raises serious discussions and is the cause of some ethical suits in professional entities, since every advertising should follow the provisions of the Code of Professional Responsibility. Therefore, this research study aimed at analyzing, comparing and discussing articles related to advertising and marketing, considering the current regulations from dental and medical entities. In Dentistry, this subject is ruled by the Code of Professional Conduct, Chapter XVI, ‘From advertising and marketing’. In Medicine, information is found in two regulations and in several chapters of the Code of Medical Ethics and in Resolution No. 1.974/2011 of the Federal Council of Medicine, which establishes the guiding criteria for medical advertising. The three regulations present articles that refers to participation in mass media, required information in advertisements, use of sensationalism and self-promotion, and publishing of unproven specialties and titles, highlighting the importance of these topics. The medical regulation also includes participation in publishing ads of manufacturing companies and an exclusive committee to deal with advertising and marketing issues, topics that are not considered in the dental regulation.